北京中医药大学《遗传学》课件-chapter12Variation and selection in populations.pptxVIP

Variation and Selection in PopulationsChapter 1221-1北京中医药大学《遗传学》 Outline of Chapter 12The Hardy-Weinberg law: Predicting genetic variation in populationsCauses of allele frequency changes21-2 Population: A group of interbreeding individuals of the same species that inhabit the same space at the same time.21-3 A population of gnus on the African savanna Population genetics: The scientific discipline that studies what happens in whole populations at the genetic level.Population geneticists rely on mathematical models in predicting a population’s potential for stasis or change.Simple models help clarifying the questions about frequency of genetic diseases or rate of spread of pathogens, as well as making predictions about future populations.21-5 A population is defined by its genotype frequencies and allele frequencies, which together make up a gene pool.Phenotype frequency: The proportion of individuals in a population that express a particular phenotype.Genotype frequency: The proportion of total individuals in a population that carry a particular genotype.Allele frequency: The proportion of gene copies in a whole population that are of a given allele type.21-6 Genotype frequency: The proportion of total individuals in a population that carry a particular genotype.Example: In a population of 20 human individuals, 4 people have blue-colored eyes because they are homozygous for the recessive B allele at a particular “blue eyes” locus, where the alternative allele is A. Molecular analyses showed that 12 individuals are of genotype AA, 4 are of genotype AB.Genotype frequency of AA: 12/20 = 0.6AB: 4/20 = 0.2BB: 4/20 = 0.221-7 Allele frequency: The proportion of gene copies in a whole population that are of a given allele type.Example: In a population of 20 human individuals, 4 people have blue-colored eyes because they are homozygous for the recessive B allele at a particular “blue eyes” locus, where the alternative allele is A. Molecular anal