材料科学基础英文Chapter Imperfections in Solids.pptxVIP

材料科学基础英文Chapter Imperfections in Solids第1页/共53页 WHY STUDY Imperfections in Solids?The properties of some materials are profoundly influenced by the presence of imperfections. Consequently, it is important to have a knowledge about the types of imperfections that exist and the roles they play in affecting the behavior of materials.For example：brass (70% copper/30% zinc) is much harder and stronger than pure copper.第2页/共53页 Learning ObjectivesAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following:1. Describe both vacancy and self-interstitial crystalline defects.2. Calculate the equilibrium number of vacancies in a material at some specified temperature, given the relevant constants.3. Name the two types of solid solutions and provide a brief written definition and/or schematic sketch of each.4. Given the masses and atomic weights of two or more elements in a metal alloy, calculate the weight percent and atom percent for each element.第3页/共53页 5. For each of edge, screw, and mixed dislocations:(a) describe and make a drawing of the dislocation,(b) note the location of the dislocation line, and(c) indicate the direction along which the dislocation line extends.6. Describe the atomic structure within the vicinity of(a) a grain boundary and (b) a twin boundary.第4页/共53页 3.1 INTRODUCTIONThus far it has been tacitly assumed that perfect order exists throughout crystalline materials on an atomic scale. However, such an idealized solid does not exist; all containlarge numbers of various defects or imperfections. As a matter of fact, many of the properties of materials are profoundly sensitive to deviations from crystalline perfection; the influence is not always adverse, and often specific characteristics are deliberately fashioned by the introduction of controlled amounts or numbers of particular defects.第5页/共53页 A crystalline defect refers to a lattice irregularity having one or more of its dimensions on the order of an atomic diameter. Classification of crys