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Chapter 5 Identical particle5.1 Two-particle System 2015.2 Atoms 2105.3 Solids 2185.4 Quantum Statistical Mechanics 230
5.1 Two-particle SystemsFor a single particle, is a function of the spatial coordinates r and the time t (here now we ignore the spin). The wave function for a two-particle system is a function of the coordinates of particle one (r1), the coordinates of par- -ticle two (r2), and the time:The Hamiltonian for the whole system is:Its time evolution is always determined by the Schr?dingerequation:
Normalization:For time-independent potentials, we obtain a complete set of solutions by separation of variables:The time-independent Schr?dinger equation:
5.1.1 Bosons and FermionsE. FermiS. N. BoseSuppose particle 1 is in the (single-particle) state , and particle 2 is in the state . In that case is a simple conduct:Quantum mechanics neatly accommodates the existence of particles that are indistinguishable in principle: We simply construct a wave function that is noncommittal as to which particle is in which state. There are actually two ways to do it:+: Bosons; -:Fermions
ones with integer spins are bosons (meson, photon)ones with half-integer spins are fermions (proton, electron) Further, bosons and fermions have quite different statisticalproperties. The connection between spin and “statistics” canbe proved in relativistic quantum mechanics; in non-relativistictheory it must be taken as an axiom. if , then:two identical fermions (for example, two electrons) cannotoccupy the same state, this is the famous Pauli ExclusionPrinciple!
solidliquidgasplasmaBose-Einstein condensation the fifth state of matter
A more general formulation:define the exchange operator, P:bosonsfermionsFor stationary states:
5.1.2 Exchange Forcestwo distinguishable particles in one-dimensional motion:two identical bosons:two identical fermions:How about the expectation value of the separation distancebetween the
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