管理经济学基础.pptxVIP

管理经济学基础;亚当?斯密，《国富论》（1776年） Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations (1776): 每个人都在力图应用他的资本，来使其产生品能得到最大的价值。一般地说，他并不企图增进公共福利，也不知道他所增进的公共福利为多少。他所追求的仅仅是他个人的安乐，仅仅是他个人的利益。在这样做时，有一只看不见的手引导他去促进一种目标，而这种目标决不是他所追求的东西。由于追逐自己的利益，他经常促进了社会利益，其效果要比他真正想促进社会利益时所得到的效果大。 By directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of greatest value he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.;最早的工业革命：中国宋朝（960－1279年）The Zeroth Industrial Revolution: Sung China (960-1279) 12世纪时便拥有31250英里长的航道和运河31,250 miles of navigable waterways and canals in 12th century 12世纪拥有1.25亿人口，其中20%为城镇人口Population of 125 million in 12th century, 20% urban 世界最早的大规模机械化工业：水力纺车World’s first large- scale mechanized industry: water-driven spinning machines. 政府垄断矿业、铁器、盐、丝绸、陶器、纸、以及酒的生产Government monopolized production in mining, iron, salt, silk, ceramics, paper, alcoholic beverages. 政府收入大部分来源于国家的产品和商品税，而非农业税More government income from state production and commodity taxes than from agricultural levies 通过考试孔子及儒家著作选拔任用官员，根据品行升迁，通过官员之间的相互制衡来防止腐败Officials selected by examinations in Confucian classics, promoted on merit, checks and balances against corruption 官僚体制支撑着整个商业的运行Businesses run by bureaucrats!;关于中国经济Economy of China 为什么会成功？Why did it succeed? 为什么没有能够实现现代化Why did it fail to modernize? 今天面临的挑战是什么？What are the challenges today?;;传统历史学把每个大朝代的兴起解释为拥有一个有能力、聪明的创始??，而把其衰败归结为腐败的官僚主义、太监宦官及后宫之祸。Traditional history explains the rise of each grand dynasty by an energetic, brilliant founder and its fall by corrupt bureaucrats, eunuchs and concubines. 然而，中国的理论家们往往倾向于用道德来解释事物。However, Chinese observers tended to interpret everything in moral terms. 中国的历史模式能够告诉我们什么呢？What does the pattern of Chinese history tell us? 五大朝代中有三个朝代发源于中国的北方边界：秦/汉；唐/隋/五代十国；清朝源于满族边界。Three of the five grand d