基本概念习题等多个文件老师listening.pdfVIP

The Teaching and Learning of Listening Communicative Competence: gr tical competence, discourse competence, socio-linguistic competence, and strategic competence. The first two subcategories reflect the use of the linguistic system itself. The last two subcategories def he more functional aspects of communication. Theoretical models 1. Psycholinguistic view: The listener takes in raw speech and holds an image in STM. He then organizes, identifies, constructs propositions to form a coherent message, then hold in LTM. 2. Semantic view: LTM works with meaning, not with form 3. Pragmatic view: meaning is interpreted in ctionally in a given situation Bottom-up and Top-down Model The bottom-up processing model assumes that listening is a process of decoding the sounds that one hears in a linear fashion, from the smallest meaningful units to complete texts. The alternative, top-down view, suggests that the listener actively reconstructs the original meaning of the speaker using ing sounds as clues. In this reconstruction process, the speaker uses prior knowledge of the context and situation within which the listening task takes ce to make sense of what he hears. Schema theory The knowledge we carry around in our heads is organized into interrelated patterns. They are like stereotypical mental scripts or scenarios of situations and events, built up from numerou periences of similar events. In short, schema theory is based on the notion that past experiences lead to the creation of mental frameworks that help us make sense of new experiences. Content schemata lude cultural knowledge, topic familiarity, and previou perience with a field. Formal schemata have to do with people’s knowledge of discourse forms: