植物生理学：第三节 水分(亏缺)胁迫及植物的抗旱性.pptxVIP

第三节 水分(亏缺)胁迫 (water deficit stress)及植物的抗旱性;包括干旱(drought)胁迫（由自然环境缺水引起）和脱水(desiccation)胁迫（实验室人为脱水引 起）；;旱生植物： 生长于极端干旱地区，如沙漠；;中生植物的生理变化与耐旱性：;ABA在植物中起传递旱情的信号：; Effect of manipulating ABA concentration in xylem sap on stomatal conductance of leaves (abaxial epidermis) in maize.;透调节物质(osmolyte) : 高度水溶性、不干预细胞代谢的有机化合物。;透调节作用(osmotic adjustment)：;水分胁迫响应基因亦受干旱、ABA和低温诱导;通过抗旱锻炼能提高植物的抗旱性 抗性锻炼：植物经过一段时间的自然或人工的非致死胁迫后，往往增强了对该胁迫的抗性。 “蹲苗”：适度干旱措施;第四节 涝害 (flooding)与植物的抗涝性;Plants vary in ability to tolerate flooding;Survival strategies of a freshwater weed. Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, a monocotyledous native of Asia, is an invasive submerged weed in freshwater ecosystems in the southern US. Hydrilla develops as a dense mat of stems and leaves near the surface of the water. These plants now threaten waterways in Florida and other Southeastern states.;Aerenchyma: continuous, columnar intracellular spaces formed in root cortical tissues;Lenticels: openings in the periderm that allow gas exchange;Pneumatophores: shallow roots that grow with negative geotrophy out of the aquatic environment.;Internodal stem elongation: enables stems and leaves to be established above the aquatic environment.;During short-term acclimation to anoxic conditions, plants generate ATP through glycolysis and fermentation;Impact of oxygen deprivation on respiratory metabolism;Effects of hypoxic pretreatment and acclimation on survival of anoxia: avoidance of cytoplasmic acidosis by lactate efflux.;Ethylene promotes long-term acclimative responses:;(A) Formation of aerenchyma is stimulated by hypoxia but not by anoxia.;(B) Transduction of low O2 signal in maize leads to PCD during the formation of lysigenous aerenchyma. Chemicals that increase the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration under aerobic conditions promote aerenchyma formation, whereas compounds that block Ca2+ movement under anoxia inhibit aerenchyma formation.;第五节 盐害(salt stress)与植物的抗盐性;High salt concentrations in the rhizosphere generate stress through wat