2023高考英语阅读理解真题精读cooperation.docxVIP

2023高考英语阅读理解真题精读cooperation Chimps(黑猩猩) will?cooperate?in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their?territory. But?beyond the minimum requirements?as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly?decline to share?food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food. In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage?where?he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull?at random—he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.?Chimps are truly selfish. Human children, on the other hand are?extremely corporative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The?psychologist?Michael Tomasello has studied this?cooperativeness?in a series of expensive with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help. There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general?cognitive(认知的) skills, at least?when compared with chimps. In tests?conducted?by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were?considerably?better at understanding the social world. The cure of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared?intentionality. Part of this ability is that they c