Chapter application and layered architectures1第2章应用程序分层架构.pdfVIP

chapter 2 Application and Layered Architectures 1. The OSI Reference Model 1. The seven-layer OSI Reference Model 2. Unified View of Layers, Protocols, and Services 2. Overview of TCP/IP Architecture 1. TCP/IP Architecture 2. TCP/IP Protocol: how the layers Work Together 3. Protocol Overview 3. ATM Architecture 4. MPLS Architecture 5. WCDMA Protocol Structure preface Tasks for communication: • Process →process ( machines) • Routing and forwarding (multiple hops) • Frame exchange (physical interface) Network architecture: a set of protocols that specify how every layer is to function • Flexibility to any services • layers • A set of protocols preface Layer: • Service: provided by each layer to the layer above through the interface • Interface: between layers, service is requested and result is conveyed • Each layer invokes a service from layer below without regard to how the service is implemented, flexibility Why Layering? • Layering simplifies design, implementation, and testing by partitionin erall communications process into parts • Protocol in each layer can be designed separa y from those in other layers • Protocol makes “calls” for services from layer below • Layering provides flexibility for modifying and evolving protocols and services without having to change layers below • Monolithic non-layered architectures are costly, inflexible, and soon obsolete 2.1 THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL ISO: International Organization of Standardization OSI: Open System Interconnection Protocol stack: a list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol per layer, is called a protocol sta