哺乳动物挖掘前肢.pdfVIP

Received: 12 July 2022   Revised: 13 December 2022   Accepted: 13 December 2022 | | DOI: 10.1111/joa.13815 O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Fossorial mammals emphasise the forelimb muscle moment arms used for digging: New indices for reconstruction of the digging ability and behaviours in extinct taxa Daichi Nakai1   | Shin-ichi Fujiwara2 1Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Abstract 2 Nagoya University Museum, Nagoya, Among fossorial mammals, forelimbs are major digging apparatuses for dwelling, Japan sheltering and foraging underground. Forelimb- diggers have independently evolved Correspondence in many lineages of mammals; thus, the method of digging with forelimbs varies by Daichi Nakai, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, taxon. Therefore, the reconstruction of digging behaviours in extinct animals leads Furocho, Nagoya, Aichi 464- 8601, Japan. us to understand the evolutionary process of fossorial adaptation in each lineage. Email: ndaichi630@ However, no morphological index was found to reconstruct if, or how, extinct taxa Funding information dug with forelimbs. In this study, we used the shoulder and elbow muscle moment Nagoya University arms in relation to the out- force lever on the manus as indices of the efficiency of motions. The mechanical advantage of two shoulder motions (medial rotation and retraction) and three elbow motions (extension, flexion and adduction) was measured