nervous system 2013 10月神模块七年英文.pdf

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Chen Maohuai Dept. of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College SECTION 1 NORMAL CELLS AND THEIR REACTIONS TO INJURY NORMAL CELLS The pr ipal cellular components of the central nervous system (CNS): neurons, glia, and the cells that make up the meninges and blood vessels 1. NEURONS 1.1 Axonal reaction Definition: dispersion of Nissl substance in the center of the cell (reparative process) • Etiology: viral infection, the axon is cut or damaged • Morphology: enlargement and rounding of the cell body peripheral dis cement of the nucleus, enlargement of the nucleolus dispersion of Nissl substance, particularly in the center of the cell. Nissl body lysis 1.2 Acute cell injury (red neuron) Etilogy: acute CNS anoxia or other injuries Morphology: shrinkage of the cell body pyknosis of the nucleus, disappearance of the nucleolus loss of Nissl substance with intense eosinophilia of the cyto sm 红色神经元 1.3 Atrophy and neuronal degeneration luding a group of chronic neurologic diseases Morphology: neurons loss trans-synaptic degeneration following destruction of innervating axons reactive gliosis 1.4 Wallerrian degeneration The axonal degeneration occurs as the result of transection The myelin sheath in distal portion of the fiber undergoes degeneration, breakdown, and is involved with phagocytosis 2. GLIA Glial cells a a supporting system for the neurons and their cellular processes Glial cells have a primary role in repair, fluid balance, and energy metabolism 2.1 Astrocytes Astrocytes respond to injury by hypertrophy and hyper sia (reactive gliosis) for repair and scar formation 胶质细胞增生结节 2.2 Oligodendrocytes The pr ipal funct