计算机硬件知识-英文名称- Knowledge on Computer Hardware - DAYONG LI.pdfVIP

KnowledgeonComputer

Hardware

DAYONGLI

September30,2020

Version:1.0

Twoheadsarebetterthanone.—ChineseOldSaying

Copyright

WENYUEPublisher,Inc.

Preface

PDP-11CPUboard

Computerhardwareincludesthephysical,tangiblepartsorcomponents

ofacomputer,suchasthecabinet,centralprocessingunit,monitor,

keyboard,computerdatastorage,graphiccard,soundcard,speakersand

motherboard.Bycontrast,softwareisinstructionsthatcanbestoredandrun

byhardware.Hardwareisso-termedbecauseitishardorrigidwith

respecttochangesormodifications;whereassoftwareissoftbecauseit

canbeeasilyupdatedorchanged.Intermediatebetweensoftwareand

hardwareisfirmware,whichissoftwarethatisstronglycoupledtothe

particularhardwareofacomputersystemandthusthemostdifficultto

changebutalsoamongthemoststablewithrespecttoconsistencyof

interface.Theprogressionfromlevelsofhardnesstosoftnessin

computersystemsparallelsaprogressionoflayersofabstractionin

computing.

Hardwareistypicallydirectedbythesoftwaretoexecuteanycommandor

instruction.Acombinationofhardwareandsoftwareformsausable

computingsystem,althoughothersystemsexistwithonlyhardware

components.

TableofContents

KnowledgeonComputerHardware

Copyright

Preface

Chapter1Introduction

1.1VonNeumannarchitecture

1.2Typesofcomputersystems

1.2.1Personalcomputer

1.2.2Mainframecomputer

1.2.3Departmentalcomputing

1.2.4Supercomputer

1.3Hardwareupgrade

1.4Sales

1.5Recycling

1.5.