高等数学教材资料完整.docxVIP

高等数学教材完整

一、函数与极限································································································2

1、集合的概念····························································································2

2、常量与变量····························································································3

2、函数·····································································································4

3、函数的简单性态······················································································4

4、反函数一······························································································5

5、复合函数·······························································································6

6、初等函数·······························································································6

7、双曲函数及反双曲函数·············································································7

8、数列的极限····························································································8

9、函数的极限····························································································9

10、函数极限的运算规则············································································11

一、函数与极限

1、集合的概念

一般地我们把研究对象统称为元素，把一些元素组成的总体叫集合（简称集）。集合具有确定性（给

定集合的元素必须是确定的）和互异性（给定集合中的元素是互不相同的）。比如“身材较高的人”不能

构成集合，因为它的元素不是确定的。

我们通常用大字拉丁字母A、B、C、……表示集合，用小写拉丁字母a、b、c……表示集合中的元素。

如果a是集合A中的元素，就说a属于A，记作：a∈A，否则就说a不属于A，记作：aA。

⑴、全体非负整数组成的集合叫做非负整数集（或自然数集）。记作N

⑵、所有正整数组成的集合叫做正整数集。记作N或N。

+

+

⑶、全体整数组成的集合叫做整数集。记作Z。

⑷、全体有理数组成的集合叫做有理数集。记作Q。

⑸、全体实数组成的集合叫做实数集。记作R。

集合的表示方法

⑴、列举法：把集合的元素一一列举出来，并用“｛｝”括起来表示集合

⑵、描述法：用集合所有元素的共同特征来表示集合。

集合间的基本关系

⑴、子集：一般地，对于两个集合A、B，如果集合A中的任意一个元素都是集合B的元素，我们就

说A、B有包含关系，称集合A为集合B的子集，记作A

B（或B

A）。。

⑵相等：如何集合A是集合B的子集，且集合B是集合A的子集，此时集合A中的元素与集合B中

的元素完全一样，因此集合A与集合B相等，记作A＝B。

⑶、真子集：如何集合A是集合B的子集，但存在一个元素属于B但不属于A，我们称集合A是集合

B的真子集。

⑷、空集：我们把不含任何元素的集合叫做空集。记作

⑸、由上述集合之间的基本关系，可以得到下面的结论：

，并规定，空集是任何集合的子集。

①、任何一个集合是它本身的子集。即A