语用学的课件.pptx

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2024-04-23 发布于湖北
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语用学的课件.pptx

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PragmaticsTeachingMaterialbyShermanZHENG

SECTIONISurveyChapter1DefinitionsandbackgroundIWhatispragmatics?Readp.3-4Pragmaticscanbeusefullydefinedasthestudyofhowutteranceshavemeaningsinsituations(Leech,1983).

Definitionsandbackground(1)Whenadiplomatsay“yes”,hemeans“perhaps”,whenhesays“perhapshemeans“no”;andwhenhesays“no”heisnodiplomatWhenaladysays“no”,shemeans“perhaps”,whenshesays“perhaps”shemeans“yes”andwhenshesays“yes”sheisnolady.(Voltaire)

DefinitionsandbackgroundIITheoriginandthehistoricalvagariesofthetermpragmatics ThemodernusageofthetermpragmaticsisattributabletothephilosopherCharlesMorris(1983),whowasconcernedtooutlinethegeneralshapeofascienceofsigns,orsemiotics.Withinsemiotics,Morrisdistinguishedthreedistinctbranchesofinquiry:syntactics(orsyntax),beingthestudyof“theformalrelationofsignstooneanother”,semantics,thestudyof“therelationofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignsareapplicable”(theirdesignata),andpragmatics,thestudyoftherelationofsignstointerpreters”(Levinson,1983)

DefinitionsandbackgroundIIISemanticsandpragmatics Pragmaticsisthestudyofallthoseaspectsofmeaningnotcapturedinasmenatictheory. Or,asGazdar(1979:2)hasputit,assumingthatsemanticslimitedtothestatementoftruthconditions. Pragmaticshasasitstopicthoseaspectsofthemeaningofutteranceswhichcannotbeaccountedforbystraightforwardreferencetothetruthconditionsofthesentencesuttered.Putcrudely:PRAGMATICS=MEANING—TRUTHCONDITIONS.

Definitionsandbackground(2)Whatdoesxmean?(3)Whatdidyoumeanbyx? Semanticstraditionallydealswithmeaningasadyadicrelation,asin(2),whilepragmaticsdealswithmeaningasatriadicrelation,asin(3).Thusmeaninginpragmaticsisdefinedrelativetoaspeakeroruserofalanguage,whereasmeaningsinsemanticsisdefinedpurelyasapropertyofexpression