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托福阅读辅导:老托福阅读真题及答案passage21

老托福阅读原文passage21

ThesculpturallegacythatthenewUnitedStatesinherited

fromitscolonialpredecessorswasfarfromarichone,andinfact,

in1776sculptureasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisans

andcraftspeople.Stonecarversengravedtheirmotifsofskulls

andcrossbonesandotherreligiousiconsofdeathintothegray

slabsthatwestillseestandingtodayinoldburialgrounds.Some

skilledcraftspeoplemadeintricatelycarvedwooden

ornamentationsforfurnitureorarchitecturaldecorations,while

otherscavedwoodenshopsignsandshipsfigureheads.

Althoughtheyoftenachievedexpressionandformalexcellence

intheirgenerallyprimitivestyle,theyremainedartisansskilledin

thecraftofcarvingandconstitutedagroupdistinctfromwhat

wenormallythinkofassculptorsintodaysuseoftheword.

Ontherareoccasionwhenafinepieceofsculpturewas

desired,Americansturnedtoforeignsculptors,asinthe1770s

whenthecitiesofNewYorkandCharleston,SouthCarolina,

commissionedtheEnglishmanJosephWiltontomakemarble

statuesofWilliamPitt.Wiltonalsomadealeadequestrianimage

ofKingGeorgeIIIthatwascreatedinNewYorkin1770andtorn

downbyzealouspatriotssixyearslater.Afewmarblememorials

withcarvedbusts,urns,orotherdecorationswereproducedin

Englandandbroughttothecoloniestobesetinthewallsof

churches—asinKingsChapelinBoston.Butsculptureasahigh

art,practicedbyartistswhoknewboththeartistictheoryoftheir

Renaissance-Baroque-Rococopredecessorsandthevarious

technicalproceduresofmodeling,casting,andcarvingrich

three-dimensionalforms,wasnotknownamongAmerican