基础化学基础化学 (63).ppt

Chapter1:Introduction

1.4UnitsofMeasurement

TheSIunits(SystèmeInternationald’Unités)areuniversallyappliedtodayandhavesevenbasicunits.Prefixesareusedthroughoute.g.millimeter=1x10-3m.TemperatureisrelativetotheCelsiusscalebasedonthefreezingpointofwaterbeing0°C.TheKelvinscaleistheabsolutescale,whichisthelowestpossibletemperature:0K=-273.15°C.TheFahrenheitscaleiscommonlyemployedintheWest,wherewaterfreezesat32°Fandboilsat212°F.Theconversionfactoris:1.4UnitsofMeasurement

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TheBoltzmannconstant(kBork)isaphysicalconstantrelatingtheaveragekineticenergyofparticlesinagaswiththetemperatureofthegasandoccursinPlanckslawofblack-bodyradiationandinBoltzmannsentropyformula.ItwasintroducedbyMaxPlanck,butnamedafterLudwigBoltzmann.ItisthegasconstantRdividedbytheAvogadroconstantNAwherek=R/NA.WhenmightBoltzmann’sconstantbeapplied?LudwigBoltzmann

KingofkilogramsisnomoreasmetricsystemgetsamakeoverThereignofthekingofkilograms,the140-year-oldplatinum–iridiumcylinderknownaslegrandK,hasnowended.TheoriginalkilogramiskeptinavaultinParisandallmassmeasurementsontheplanetwillnowbebasedonthesiliconsphereshowninthepicture.

1.5SignificantFigures

1.5SignificantFiguresTheseareameansofexpressingvaluestoincreaseaccuracyanddenoteuncertaintye.g.2053.12canbestatedas2053.1tofivesignificantfiguresor2053.16canbestatedas2053.2tofivesignificantfigures.Exponentialnotationeliminatesdoubtinexpressingsignificantfigurese.g.2.053x103tofoursignificantfigures.Decimalplacesindicatethenumberoffiguresafteradecimalpointe.g.20.421totwodecimalplacesis20.42.

1.5SignificantFiguresZerosbetweennon-zerodigitsarealwayssignificant—1005kg(foursignificantfigures)e.g.7.03cm(threesignificantfigures).Z