托福听力tpo39 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文.pdf

托福听力tpo39lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文

Lecture12

原文2

题目4

答案6

译文6

Lecture28

原文8

题目10

答案12

译文12

Lecture314

原文14

题目16

答案18

译文18

Lecture419

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题目22

答案23

译文24

Lecture1

原文

NARRATOR:Listentopartofalectureinageologyclass.

MALEPROFESSOR:SinceEarthformed,somefourandahalfbillionyearsago,the

numberofmineralsherehasincreaseddramatically,fromafewdozenrelatively

simplemineralsearlyon…toover4,300kindsofmineralswecanidentify

today—manyofthemwonderfullycomplex.Abasicquestionofgeologyishowall

thesenewmineralscameintobeing.Well,recentstudieshaveturnedtobiologyto

trytoexplainhowthishappens.

Now,muchofbiologyisstudiedthroughthelensofevolution.Andthetheoryof

evolutionsuggeststhat,asenvironmentschange—andinevitablytheydo—some

organismswillhavecharacteristicsthatallowthemtoadapttothosechanges

successfully…characteristicsthathelptheseorganismsdevelopandsurviveand

reproduce.Andwhenenvironmentsbecomemorecomplex—astendstohappen

overtime—thoseearlieradaptations,thosevariations…becomethebasisofyet

othercombinationsandvariations…andleadtoevermorediverseandcomplex

formsoflife.Sofromfewer,simpler,andrelativelysimilarformsoflifebillionsof

yearsago,lifeonEarthhasnowbecomeadazzlingarrayofdiversityandcomplexity.

Well,somegeologistsnowwanttoapplythisconcepttoexplainmineraldiversitytoo.

Theconditionsthatmineralsareunderarenotconstant.Conditionsliketemperature

orpressureorchemicalsurroundings—thesechange—oftenincycles,increasingand

decreasingslowlyovertime.Andasconditionschange,mineralssometimesbreak

downandtheiratomsrecombineintototallynewcompounds,aspartofaprocess

somecallmineralevolution.

Now,mineralsarenotalive,ofcourse,sothisis