托福阅读tpo32R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识.pdfVIP

托福阅读tpo32R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识

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译文4

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原文

PlantColonization

①Colonizationisonewayinwhichplantscanchangetheecologyofa

site.Colonizationisaprocesswithtwocomponents:invasionand

survival.Therateatwhichasiteiscolonizedbyplantsdependson

boththerateatwhichindividualorganisms(seeds,spores,immature

ormatureindividuals)arriveatthesiteandtheirsuccessatbecoming

establishedandsurviving.Successincolonizationdependstoagreat

extentontherebeingasiteavailableforcolonization–asafesite

wheredisturbancebyfireorbycuttingdownoftreeshaseither

removedcompetingspeciesorreducedlevelsofcompetitionand

othernegativeinteractionstoalevelatwhichtheinvadingspeciescan

becomeestablished.Foragivenrateofinvasion,colonizationofa

moist,fertilesiteislikelytobemuchmorerapidthanthatofadry,

1

infertilesitebecauseofpoorsurvivalonthelatter.Afertile,plowed

fieldisrapidlyinvadedbyalargevarietyofweeds,whereasa

neighboringconstructionsitefromwhichthesoilhasbeencompacted

orremovedtoexposeacoarse,infertileparentmaterialmayremain

virtuallyfreeofvegetationformanymonthsorevenyearsdespite

receivingthesameinputofseedsastheplowedfield.

②Boththerateofinvasionandtherateofextinctionvarygreatly

amongdifferentplantspecies.Pioneerspecies-thosethatoccuronly

intheearlieststagesofcolonization-tendtohavehighratesof

invasionbecausetheyproduceverylargenumbersofreproductive

propagules(seeds,spores,andsoon)andbecausetheyhavean

efficientmeansofdispersal(normally,wind).

③Ifcolonizersproduceshort-livedreproductivepropagules,theymust

produceverylargenumbersunlesstheyhaveanefficientmeansof

dispersaltosuitablenewhabitats.Manyp