Alevel-AS生物学-Nucleic-acids-and-protein-synthesis近年原文.pptxVIP

Section2BiochemistryandMolecularBiologyChapter6NucleicacidsandproteinsynthesisMoleculesofgeneticinformation=YOUNEEDTOTAKENOTE

ThestructureofDNAandRNANucleicacidsstoregeneticinformationanddeterminetheprimarystructureofprotein.Therearetwokindsofnucleicacids:deoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)andribonucleicacid(RNA).DNAandRNAarepolymersofnucleotides,inotherword,DNAandRNAarepolynucleotides.

NucleotidesStructureofanucleotideThenucleotideistherepeatingstructuralunitofDNAandRNA.Ithasthreecomponents:ApentosesugarAphosphategroupAnitrogen-containingbase(nitrogenousbase)DNA—deoxynucleotideRNA—ribonucleotide

NucleotidesThepentosesugarThisisafive-carbonsugarThepentosesugarisdifferentinDNAandRNA:ThesugarinDNAisdeoxyribose.ThesugarinRNAisribose.ThePhosphategroupPhosphategroupsareimportantbecausetheylinkthesugarbysugar-phosphatebonds(phosphdiesterbonds)5’:freephosphategroup(-PO4-)3’:freehydroxylgroup(-OH)

NucleotidesNitrogen-containingbaseInDNAthefourbasesare:ThymineAdenineCytosineGuanineInRNAthefourbasesare:UracilAdenineCytosineGuanineDifferencebetweenPurinesandPyrimidinesPurines:doublering;Pyrimidines:singlering

NucleosideNucleosideNucleoside=Base+sugarExample:Adenine+ribose=adenosine(腺苷).Adenine+deoxyribose=deoxyadenosine(脱氧腺苷)Nucleotide=Base+sugar+phosphategroup(s)HATPAdenosinemonophosphate(AMP)Adenosinetriphosphate(ATP)

PolynucleotideApolynucleotidechainisformedbythecondensationreactions.Twomononucleotidesarecombinedasaresultofacondensationreactionbetweenthepentosesugarofonenucleotideandthephosphategroupofanothernucleotide.BondThelinkageofthepolynucleotideiscovalentphosphodiesterbond.DNAismadeupoftwostrandsofnucleotides,RNAonlyhasonesinglestrand;hydrogenbondsComplementarybasepairingBondAdeninelinkswithThymineorUracilbytwohydrogenbondsCytosinelinkswithGuanine