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Writing:Abstract
WHATISANABSTRACT
1.TheDefinitionofanAbstract
1)theobjectivesandscopeofinvestigation;
2)themethodsused;
3)themostimportantresults;
4)conclusionorrecommendation.
2.FeaturesofAbstracts
BrevityAccuracySpecificityObjectivityInformativenessIndependency
CLASSIFICATIONOFABSTRACTS
IndicativeAbstracts
InformativeAbstracts
Informative-indicativeAbstracts
OtherTypesofAbstracts1)CriticalAbstracts2)Mini-abstracts
FUNCTIONSOFABSTRACTS
AScreeningDeviceofDocuments:Anabstractgivesreaderstheideaofwhatthearticleisabout.
ASelf-containedText:We’llknowtheinformationitcontains,withoutseeingthearticle.
AHelpfulPreview:Itframesthearticleandpreparesthereaderforthemainpointstocome.
ToFacilitateIndexing:Itwillimprovethechancesofhavingitreadbytherightpeople.
STYLISTICFEATURESOFABSTRACTS
1.TheLengthofAbstracts
1)Ingeneral,thereisa100-300wordlimittothenumberofwordsinanabstract.
2)Donotconfuseanabstractwithareview.Thereshouldbenocommentorevaluation.
3)Giveinformationonlyonce.
4)Donotrepeattheinformationgiveninthetitle.
5)Donotincludeanyfactsorideasthatarenotinthetext.
6)Forinformativeabstracts,includeenoughdatatosupporttheconclusions.
7)Ifreferencetoprocedureisessential,trytorestrictittoidentificationofmethodorprocess.
8)Stateresults,conclusions,orfindingsinclearconcisefashion.
9)Organizetheinformationinthewaythatismostusefultothereader.(athesis-firstabstract)
2.VerbsandTensesUsedinAbstracts
1)Activeverbs:useactiveverbsratherthanpassiveverbs.
2)Presenttense:backgroundinformation,existingfacts,whatisinthepaperandconclusion.
3)Pasttense/presentperfecttense:completedresearch,methodologyormajoractivitiesresults.
3.WordsUsedinAbstracts
1)Avoiduseofhighlyspecializedwordsorabbrevi
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