The Design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines通风改良完整版.doc

The Design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines通风改良完整版.doc

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TheDesignofVentilatedImprovedPitLatrines通风改良坑式厕所设计3

commencebyassessingwhetheradesigri,ofthisk’nd4.sfeasible.-29$28/.Assuming_.ithata.reasonabldquot;planninghorizonis20years-,andthatasingle-pitVIPlatrinecanbeexpdc\tedtolastfor10jyears,JO/.ttie.designer’mu%tdetermine.4whetheramp;hereissufficientspaceavailableon,eachplot.fortwopitsites.Ifthereis;thenasingle-pitVIPlatrinesystemisnormallythesanitationoptiono-fchoice.Onewillbebuilt‘initiallyandusedforthefirst10’years,afterwhicha:secondone’isbuilt(re-usingas‘muchmaterialasI.possiblefromthefirst).toserveforthe.second10years.‘‘66.However,if’thenumber’ofusersofasingle-pitlatrineishigh,(say,imorethan,lO),thentherequiredpitvolumemaybeunacceptablylarge,especiallyifthesolidsaccumulationrateishigh.Underthesecircumstances.thedesignershouldassessthecomparativefeasibilities:-thniaal;social‘.andeconomic--ofthefollowingoptions:Y...7(a)anquot;vs..’.;quot;alternatingsingle-pitquot;VIPlatrinesystem;,.,fhisassumesthatthereisspacefortwositesforsingle-pitstii,thaneffectivelife.of,say,fiveyears;asingle-pitVIP’latrineis-ibuiltinitiallyto,ser\;efprthefirstfiveyears,.afterwhpha.secondsingle-pitlatrine%bu’ilt.for;thenextfiveyears;’whenthis:becomesfullatthe,*quot;excavatedquot;andputbackinto‘attheendofyear15withthet.(b)1onesingle-pitVIPlatrine*every3-10years(several?.;emptyingfrequencyshouldbeleast-costsolution);1.,ccgt;:\asingle-pitVIPLatrinewithcommunalsoaktiway(paragraphs42and44);andlt;a-(d)=analternatingtwin-pitYIPlatrinewhichisto’bedesludged,‘tmanuallyormechanically,everytuotothreeyeb+rs._~~.~--.,+.,MJLfskparate,faci.litiesforeachsexareprovided.Theensuingdiscussionassumes,foreaseoftheyarenotrequired.’29/

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