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Chapter8
MultipleProcessorSystem
8.4DistributedSystemsWideareadistributesystemconnectcompletecomputersystemsoverawideareanetworkeachofthesecomputerhasitsownmemoryandthesystemscommunicatebymessagepassingdataspeed:10-50msec
8.4DistributedSystemsAchievinguniformitywithmiddleware(中间件)中间件提供了一些特定的数据结构和操作,从而可以允许进程和用户在远端的机器上用一致的方式互相操作。P582Fig8-30
8.4.2NetworkServicesandProtocolsNetworkServicesNetworkProtocolsIP(InternetProtocol)TCP(TransmissionControlProtocol)P588Fig8-33
MiddlewareDocument-BasedMiddleware(基于文档的中间件)FileSystem-BasedMiddleware(基于文件系统的中间件)SharedObject-BasedMiddleware(基于共享对象的中间件)CORBA(CommonObjectRequestBrokerArchitecture)Coordination-BasedMiddleware(基于协作的中间件)LindaPublish/Subscribe(发布/订阅)Jini
8.4.3Document-BasedMiddlewareTheWebisabigdirectedgraphofdocumentsP590Fig8-35
8.4.4FileSystem-BasedMiddlewareTransferModels(传输模型)upload/downloadmodelremoteaccessmodelP592Fig8-36
SummaryComparisonofthreekindsofmultipleCPUsystemsP581Fig8-29
Chapter9Security9.1Thesecurityenvironment9.2Basicsofcryptography9.3ProtectionMechanisms9.4Authentication9.5InsideAttacks9.6ExploitingCodeBugs9.7Malware9.8Defenses
9.1TheSecurityEnvironmentThreeimportantsecurityissues:threats(威胁)intruders(入侵者)accidentaldataloss(数据的意外遗失)
9.1.1ThreatsSecuritygoalsandthreatsDataconfidentiality(数据机密性)–havingsecretdataremainsecretDataintegrity(数据完整性)–unauthorizedusersshouldnotbeabletomodifyanydatawithouttheowner’spermissionSystemavailability(系统可用性)–nobodycandisturbthesystemtomakeitunusablePrivacy(隐私):protectingindividualsfrommisuseofinformationaboutthem
9.1.1ThreatsSecuritygoalsandthreatsP616Fig9-1
9.1.2IntrudersPeoplewhoarenosingaroundplaceswheretheyhavenobusinessbeingarecalledintruderorsometimesadversaries.Passiveintruders(被动入侵者)–toreadfilestheyarenotauthorizedtoreadActiveintruders(主动入侵者)–tomakeunauthor
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