(整理)基因工程学原理专业名词.docVIP

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第十九章基因工程

Chapter19GeneEngineering

第一节绪论

Section1Introduction

DNA含有4种杂环碱基：嘌呤类有腺嘌呤（A）和鸟嘌呤（G），嘧啶类有胞嘧啶（C）和胸腺嘧啶（T）；而在RNA中尿嘧啶（U）替代了结构非常相似的胸腺嘧啶。

InDNA,therearefourheterocyclicbases:adenine(A)andguanine(G)arepurines;cytosine(C)andthymine(T)arepyrimidines.InRNA,thymineisreplacedbythestructurallyverysimilarpyrimidine,uracil(U).

核苷由碱基共价结合于戊糖分子的1’位而构成。RNA中的戊糖为核糖，构成核糖核苷或简称核苷；而在DNA中戊糖为2’—脱氧核糖，形成2’—脱氧核糖核苷或简称脱氧核苷。碱基+糖分子=核苷。

Anucleosideconsistsofabasecovalentlybondedtothe1’-positionofapentosesugarmolecule.InRNAthesugarisriboseandthecompoundsareribonucleosides,orjustnucleosides,whereasinDNAitis2’-deoxyribose,andthenucleosidesarenamed2’-deoxyribonucleosides,orjustdeoxynucleosides.Base+sugar=nucleoside.

DNA分子通常以双螺旋形式存在。两条独立的反向平行的单链DNA分子以右手螺旋方式相互缠绕，糖-磷酸骨架在外，靠氢键和堆积力相互配对的碱基在内。腺嘌呤（A）与胸腺嘧啶（T）配对，鸟嘌呤（G）与胞嘧啶（C）配对。两条链是互补的，一条链决定了另一条链的序列。

DNAmostcommonlyoccursasadoublehelix.TwoseparateandantiparallelchainsofDNAarewoundaroundeachotherinaright-handedhelical(coiled)path,withthesugar-phosphatebackbonesontheoutsideandthebases,pairedbyhydrogenbondingandstackedoneachother,ontheinside.Adeninepairswiththymine;guaninepairswithcytosine.Thetwochainsarecomplementary;onespecifiesthesequenceoftheother.

可移动遗传因子

mobilegeneticelement

?????????????????????????????????

*基因

gene???????

*基因作用

geneaction????????????????

基因激活

geneactivation??????????????????????

基因活性

geneactivity???????????????????

*基因簇

genecluster?????????????????

*基因座

genelocus?????????????????

*基因操作

genemanipulation

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*基因标签

genetag?????????????

基因寻靶

genetargeting???????????????????

*遗传图

geneticmap????????????????

*基因拷贝

genecopy???????????????

*基因克隆

genecloning?????????????????

*基因含量

genecontent??????????????????

*基因表达

geneexpression???