00015自考英语二教程电子版.pdf

00015自考英语二教程电子版

大学英语自学教程（下）

01-A.WhatIsaDecision?

Adecisionisachoicemadefromamongalternativecourses

ofactionthatareavailable.Thepurposeofmakingadecisionis

toestablishandachieveorganizationalgoalsandobjectives.The

reasonformakingadecisionisthataproblemexists,goalsor

objectivesarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayof

accomplishingthem.

Thusthedecision-makingprocessisfundamentalto

management.Almosteverythingamanagerdoesinvolves

decisions,indeed,somesuggestthatthemanagementprocessis

decisionmaking.Althoughmanagerscannotpredictthefuture,

manyoftheirdecisionsrequirethattheyconsiderpossiblefuture

events.Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthe

futurewillbeandtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochance,hut

sinceuncertaintyisalwaysthere,riskaccompaniesdecisions.

Sometimestheconsequencesofapoordecisionareslight;at

othertimestheyareserious.

Choiceistheopportunitytoselectamongalternatives.If

thereisnochoice,thereisnodecisiontobemade.Decision

makingistheprocessofchoosing,andmanydecisionshavea

broadrangeofchoice.Forexample,astudentmaybeableto

chooseamonganumberofdifferentcoursesinorderto

implementthedecisiontoobtainacollegedegree.Formanagers,

everydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpolicies,procedures,

laws,precedents,andthelike.Theseconstraintsexistatalllevels

oftheorganization.

Alternativesarethepossiblecoursesofactionfromwhich

choicescanbemade.Iftherearenoalternatives,thereisno

choiceand,therefore,nodecision.