《计算机图形学》Chapter 9 可编程管道-（英文）教学课件（非AI生成）.ppt

ProgrammablePipelines1

ObjectivesIntroduceprogrammablepipelinesVertexshadersFragmentshadersIntroduceshadinglanguagesNeededtodescribeshadersRenderMan2

IntroductionRecentmajoradvanceinrealtimegraphicsisprogrammablepipelineFirstintroducedbyNVIDIAGForce3Supportedbyhigh-endcommoditycardsNVIDIA,ATI,3DLabsSoftwareSupportDirectX8,9,10OpenGLExtensionsOpenGLShadingLanguage(GLSL)Cg3

BackgroundTwocomponentsVertexprograms(shaders)Fragmentprograms(shaders)RequiresdetailedunderstandingoftwoseeminglycontradictoryapporachsOpenGLpipelineRealtimeRenderManideasoffline4

BlackBoxViewGeometryProcessorFrameBufferFragmentProcessorCPUverticesverticesfragmentsRasterizerfragments5

GeometricCalculationsGeometricdata:setofvertices+typeCancomefromprogram,evaluator,displaylisttype:point,line,polygonVertexdatacanbe(x,y,z,w)coordinatesofavertex(glVertex)NormalvectorTextureCoordinatesRGBAcolorOtherdata:colorindices,edgeflagsAdditionaluser-defineddatainGLSL6

Per-VertexOperationsVertexlocationsaretransformedbythemodel-viewmatrixintoeyecoordinatesNormalsmustbetransformedwiththeinversetransposeofthemodel-viewmatrixsothatv·n=v’·n’inbothspacesAssumesthereisnoscalingMayhavetouseautonormalizationTexturescoordinatesaregeneratedifautotextureenabledandthetexturematrixisapplied7

LightingCalculationsConsideraper-vertexbasisPhongmodelPhongmodelrequirescomputationofrandvateveryvertexI=kdIdl·n+ksIs(v·r)a+kaIa8

CalculatingtheReflectionTermangleofincidence=angleofreflectioncosqi=cosqrorr·n=l·nr,n,andlarecoplanarr=al+bnnormalize1=r·r=n·n=l·lsolving:r=2(l·n)n-l9

OpenGLLightingModifiedPhongmodelHalfwayvectorGlobalambienttermSpecifiedinstandardSupportedbyhardware10

HalfwayVectorBlinnproposedreplacingv·rbyn·hwhereh=(l+v)/|l+v|(l+v)/2ishalfwaybetweenlandvIfn,l,andvarecoplanar: