2025年Linguistics语言学归纳.docxVIP

Linguistics

1.Thescopeoflinguistics:(abranchoflinguisticsthat….)

phonetics（語音學）:thestudyoflinguisticspeechsounds,howtheyareproduced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysicalproperties.(studyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)

phonology:（音位學）thestudyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticscommunication.

morphology:（形态學）thestudyofthewordstructureandwordformation.

syntax:（句法學）isthebranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.

semantics:(語义學)thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.

pragmatics:（語用學）abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthecontextoflanguageusetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

Somedistinctionsinlinguistics:

Prescriptivedescriptive

Prescriptive:aimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse

Descriptive:aimstolaydownrulesfor“correctstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage.(doctor)

Synchronicdiachronic共時的历時的

Synchronic:thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.

Diachronic:thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.

Langueparole語言言語

Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

Parole:referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.

Competenceperformance語言能力語言运用

Competence:theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage

Performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

Designfeaturesoflanguage:

arbitrariness:（任意性）meansthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

Productivity:itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

Duality:（双重性）dualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.

Displacement:languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.不受時空限制

Culturaltransmission文化传播（eg:狼