考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷267.pdfVIP

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷267

一、阅读常（规阅读理解）本（题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

Neuroscientistshavelongunderstoodthatthebraincanrewireitselfinresponseto

experience—aphenomenonknownasneuroplasticity.Butuntilrecently,theydidnt

knowwhatcausesgraymattertobecomeplastic,tobeginchanging.Breakthrough

researchbyateamatMIsPicowerInstituteforLearningandMemoryhasdocumented

onetypeofenvironmentalfeedbackthattriggersplasticity:success.Equallyimportant

andsomewhatsurprising:Itsopposite,failure,hasnoimpact.EarlMiller,thelead

researcheronthestudy,saysunderstandingthelinktoenvironmentalfeedbackiscrucial

toimprovinghowpeopleteachandmotivatebecauseitsabigpartofhowwelearn.But

wcabsorbmorefromsuccessthanfromfailure,accordingtothestudy.Millers

researchersgavemonkeysasimplelearningtask:heypresentedoneoftwopictures.If

itwasPictureA,themonkeysweresupposedtolooktotheleft;ifPictureB,totheright.

Whenthemonkeyslookedinthecorrectdirection,theywererewardedwithadropof

juice.Allthewhiletheteamrecordedbrainfunction.Neurons^ellsspecializedto

conductnerveimpulses）intheprefrontalcortexandstriatum,wherethebraintracks

successandfailure,sharpenedtheirtuningaftersuccess,saysMiller.Whatsmore,those

changeslingeredforseveralseconds,makingbrainactivitymoreefficientthenexttime

themonkeydidthetask.hereafter,eachsuccesswasprocessedmoreefficiently.hatis,

themonkeyhadlearned.Butafterfailure,Millerpointsout,therewaslittlechangein

brainactivity.Inotherwords,thebraindidntstoreanyinformationaboutwhatwent

wronganduseitthenexttime.hemonkeyjusttried,triedagain.Millersaysthismeans

thatonaneurologicallevel,success