24-25高中英语北师大版选择性必修第四册 课时分层作业9.docx

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课时分层作业(九)

Ⅰ．阅读理解

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Atinycrack(裂缝)grewinaverysmallpieceofmetalwhenplacedunderrepetitivestretching．Theexperiment，designedtostudycrackgrowth，continuedaspredictedforawhile．Butthen，somethingunexpectedhappened．Thecrackstoppedgrowingandinsteadbegantogetshorter，effectively“healing(愈合)”itself．ThisincredibleobservationwasmadebyagroupofresearchersatSandiaNationalLaboratories．ThefindingswererecentlypublishedinthejournalNature．

Itwouldbereasonabletothink，priortothisdiscovery，thatself-healingmetalwassomethingthatcouldonlybefoundinsciencefiction．However，Dr．MichaelDemkowicz，aprofessorinTexasAMUniversitysmaterialsscienceandengineeringdepartmentandco-authoroftherecentstudy，heldnosuchassumptions．

Tenyearsago，whileanassistantprofessoratMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysmaterialsscienceandengineeringdepartment，Demkowiczandhisstudentpredictedself-healinginmetals．“Wedidntsetouttofindhealing．Mystudent，GuoxiangXu，wasdoingexperimentsonfracture(断裂)，”Demkowiczsaid．“Weaccidentallyobservedhealinginoneofhisexperimentsanddecidedtofollowup．”Then，justlikenow，theresultsin2013weresurprising．

Boththe2013modelsandtherecentexperimentusednanocrystalline(纳米晶体)metals，whichmakestudyingself-healingeasierbecausetheirsmallgrainsizeallowsformoremicrostructuralfeaturesthatevensmallcrackscaninteractwith．Demkowiczsaidthatthesefeaturesarecommoninmanymetals．Oneconditioncommontoboththe2013theoryandtherecentexperimentisthatbothwereconductedinvacuumenvironmentswithoutforeignmatter．Suchoutsidemattercouldinfluencecracksurfacesabilitytobondbacktogether．

Evenwiththislimitation，applicationscouldstillbepossibleforspacefaringtechnologyorinternalcracksthatarenotexposedtooutsideair．“Themainimpactofthecurrentworkistomovetheoriginaltheoreticalpredictio