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HiveisPSPACE-Hard
Dani¨elI.AndelBenjaminG.Rin∗
June01,2025
5Abstract
2
0Hiveisanabstractstrategygameplayedonatablewithhexagonalpieces.Firstpublished
2in2001,itwasandcontinuestobehighlypopularamongbothcasualandcompetitiveplayers.
Inthispaper,weshowthatforasuitablygeneralizedversionofthegame,thecomputational
n
uproblemofdeterminingwhetheragivenplayerinanarbitrarypositionhasawinningstrategy
JisPSPACE-hard.WedothisbyreductionfromavariantofGeneralizedGeographywecall
4FormulaGameGeography.
]
C
C
s.Acknowledgments
c
[WewouldliketothankRosalieIemhoffforherhelpfulcommentsonanearlyversionofthis
1paper.
v
2
9
41Introduction
3
0
6.HiveisapopularstrategygamedesignedbyJohnYianniandpublishedin2001.Likeclassic
0gamessuchaschess,checkers,andGo,itisatwo-player,perfect-information,deterministic,turn-
5basedtabletopgamewithatmostonewinner.Inthispaper,weconsiderthecomputational
2
:complexityofdeterminingwhetheragivenplayerhasaforcedwinningstrategyfromagivenHive
vposition.OurmainresultisthatthisdecisionproblemisPSPACE-hard.Weprovethisbyreduction
i
XfromavariantofGeneralizedGeography.1
rWhilethestandardversionofHivehasonly22piecesandasmallsetofrules,itisnevertheless
a
adeeplycomplexandstrategicgame.Still,ithasonlyafinitenumberofpossiblegamepositions,
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