上海市徐汇区高三下学期二模考试英语.docx

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上海市徐汇区高三下学期二模考试英语.docx

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2025年上海市徐汇区二模英语试卷

（考试时间105分钟满分115分）

I.Grammarandvocabulary

SectionA

Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.

Horsesaresmarterthanthey’regivencreditfor

Horsesarecapableofstrategicthinkingandplanningahead,?anewstudyhasfound.

ResearchersatNottinghamTrentUniversitymadeagameforhorses___1___theyhadtotouchapieceofcardwiththeirnosestogetatreat.Theymadeitprogressivelyharder,anddiscoveredthatthehorsesallchangedtheirstrategiesinthemostdifficultstage___2___(ensure)theywouldcontinuegettingtreats.

Thestudy___3___(involve)20horses,whowereinitiallyrewardedwithatreatfortouchingapieceofcardwiththeirnoses.Inthesecondstage,a“stoplight”wasintroduced,andtherulewaschangedsothattherewardwasonlygiven___4___theytouchedthecardwhenthelightwasoff.Thisdidnotalterthebehaviourofthehorses,asthey___5___(observe)touchingthecardregardlessofthestatusofthelight.Inthefinalstage,researchersintroduceda“punishment”element?ofa10secondtimeout___6___playingorreceivinganyrewardsfortouchingthecardwhilethestoplightwason.

Atthispoint,allthehorsessuddenlybegantoplaythegamecorrectly,onlytouchingthecardwhenitwouldleadtoatreat.Instantly___7___(switch)strategiesinthiswayindicatesthehorsesunderstoodtheruleofthestoplighttheentiretime,buthadnoreasontofollowtherulewhentherewasnoconsequenceforgettingitwrong.Thisshowedtheanimalshavetheabilitytothinkandplanahead—somethingpreviously___8___(consider)tobebeyondtheircapacity.

“It’sfascinatingbecausetheyhaveaveryunderdevelopedprefrontalcortex(前额叶皮质)whichis___