A2 Physics 物理 出国英语5.5 Oscillations.docxVIP

A2Physics物理出国英语5.5Oscillations

1.SimpleHarmonicMotion(SHM)Basics

1.Definesimpleharmonicmotion:Simpleharmonicmotionisatypeofperiodicmotionwheretheaccelerationofanobjectisdirectlyproportionaltoitsdisplacementfromtheequilibriumpositionandisalwaysdirectedtowardstheequilibriumposition.Mathematically,(a=omega^{2}x),where(a)istheacceleration,(x)isthedisplacementfromtheequilibrium,and(omega)istheangularfrequency.

2.ExplaintheconditionsforSHM:ForanobjecttoexecuteSHM,theremustbearestoringforce.Therestoringforce(F)isgivenby(F=kx),where(k)istheforceconstant.FromNewtonssecondlaw(F=ma),wecansubstitute(F)toget(ma=kx),andthen(a=frac{k}{m}x).Comparingwith(a=omega^{2}x),wefind(omega=sqrt{frac{k}{m}}).

3.GiveanexampleofasystemthatexhibitsSHM:Amassspringsystemisaclassicexample.Whenamass(m)isattachedtoaspringofforceconstant(k)anddisplacedfromitsequilibriumposition,itwilloscillatebackandforth.Themotionofasimplependulum(forsmallangles(theta))isalsoapproximatelySHM.Therestoringtorque(tau=mgLsinthetaapproxmgLtheta)(for(theta)inradiansand(thetall1)).UsingtherotationalformofNewtonssecondlaw(tau=Ialpha),wecanshowthatthependulumundergoesSHM.

4.Describetherelationshipbetweendisplacement,velocity,andaccelerationinSHM:

Displacement(x=Acos(omegat+varphi)),where(A)istheamplitude,(omega)istheangularfrequency,(t)istime,and(varphi)isthephaseconstant.

Velocity(v=frac{dx}{dt}=Aomegasin(omegat+varphi)).Thevelocityiszeroatthemaximumdisplacement((x=pmA))andmaximumattheequilibriumposition((x=0)).

Acceleration(a=frac{dv}{dt}=Aomega^{2}cos(omegat+varphi)=omega^{2}x).Theaccelerationismaximumatthemaximumdisplacementandzeroattheequilibriumposition.

5.ExplaintheconceptofphaseinSHM:Thephase(omegat+varphi)of