操作系统中进程与线程概念及动机.pdfVIP

ProcessesandThreads

•Processes

–Unitofresourceallocation

–Unitofscheduling

•Processeshaveseparateaddressspaces,which

leadsthefollowing:

–Processcreationisexpensive

–Processswitchisexpensive

–Sharingmemoryareasamongprocessesis

important

•Heavy-weightprocesses

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Threads(1)

Definition

•AthreadisabasicunitofCPUutilization,also

calledLightWeightProcess(LWP).

•Itshareswiththeotherthreadsbelongingtothesame

processitscodesection,datasection,andother

operating-systemresources.

•Atraditionalprocesshasasinglethreadofcontrol.

•Ifaprocesshasmultiplethreadsofcontrol,itcan

performmorethanonetaskatatime.

Threads(2)

Motivation

•Asingleapplicationmayberequiredto

performseveraltasks,suchasaWebserver

•Iftheserverrunsasasingleprocess,whenit

receivesarequest,itcreatesaseparateprocess

•Processcreationistimeconsumingand

resourceintensive

•Itisgenerallymoreefficienttouseone

processthatcontainsmultiplethreads

Threads(3)

Benefits

•Responsiveness(allowaprogramtocontinue

runningevenifpartofitisblocked)

•Resourcesharing

•Economy

•Utilizationofmultiprocessorarchitectures

(threadsmayberunninginparallelondifferent

processors)

Threads(4)

•Threadsshareaddressspace:

–Threadcreationismuchsimplerthanprocesscreation

(noneedtocreateandinitializeaddressspace,

memory,etc.)

–Threadswitchissimple

•Convenience

–communicationweenthreads

•Efficiency

–multiprogrammingwithinaprocess

–multiprocessors

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