世界银行-国际活动与女性劳动力参与：发展中国家服务企业的新证据（英）-2025.9-47页.pdfVIP

PolicyResearchWorkingPaper11198

InternationalActivityandFemale

LaborParticipation

NewEvidenceforServicesFirms

inDevelopingCountries

LuisAguilarLuna

DeborahWinkler

EconomicPolicyGlobalDepartment

September2025

PolicyResearchWorkingPaper11198

Abstract

Usingacross-sectionofmorethan33,000servicesfirmsCOVID-19,andthegapforglobalvaluechainparticipants

in104low-andmiddle-incomecountriesfromtheWorldisnolongersignificantafterCOVID-19.Controllingfor

Bank’sEnterpriseSurveys,thispaperexamineswhethersectoralrelativewagesbetweenmenandwomendoesnot

thefemalelaborsharepremiumofinternationalfirmschangethefindingsinasmallersubsampleofeconomies.

relativetonon-internationalfirmsinmanufacturingalsoControllingforfemaletopmanagementandownership

holdsforservicesfirms.Unlikethemanufacturingsector,revealsafemalelaborsharegapforexporters,globalvalue

thepaperfindsanegativerelationshipbetweenexportingchainparticipants,andimporters.Usinganalternativeesti-

andglobalvaluechainparticipationandthefemalelabormatoranddatasetconfirmsthefemalelaborsharegapin

shareforservicesfirms,whilenorelationshipisfoundforservicesfirms.Thismaybeattributedtothesectoralsegre-

importingorforeignownershipstatus,controllingforfirmgationbetweenwomenandmen,withwomentendingto

output,productivity,technologyintensity,andfixedeffects.pursueworkopportunitiesinlessskill-andexport-in