自考现代英语语法第一章.pptVIP

ChapteroneTheStructureoftheEnglishSentence1.0IntroductionThehierarchicalstructureofgrammaticalunitsAsentenceconsistsofoneormoreclausesAclauseconsistsofoneormorephrasesAphraseconsistsofoneormorewordsAwordconsistsofoneormoremorphemesAmorphemeistheminimalunitofgrammaticalanalysishigherlower1.1Morphemes

Morphemes(词素)aretheminimalunitsofgrammaticalanalysis,alsothesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.Amorphemecannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位Morph(词素形式):theconcreterealizationofamorpheme.Allomorph(词素变体):aphonetically,lexicallyorgrammaticallyconditionedmemberofasetofmorphsrepresentingaparticularmorpheme.Freemorpheme(自由词素)：amorphemethatcanoccurinisolation.Boundmorpheme(粘附词素):amorphemethatcanonlyoccurinconjunctionwithatleastoneothermorphemes.Suchasdis,un,ab…1.2WordsOpenclasses开放性NewwordscanbeaddedNounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbsClosedclasses关闭性HaveafairlyfixedmembershipDeterminers限定词:the,a,this,that…Pronouns代词:he,she,her,it…Prepositions介词:about,over,on…Conjunctions连词:and,or,however…Auxiliaries助动词:must,should,can…Marginalclasses边缘类Numerals数词:one,two,first,secondInterjections感叹词:oh,wow,Jesus…Basedonthreecomplementarycriteria:meaning,formandfunction,thewordscanbedividedinto:1.2.2Wordformation构词Fiveapproachesofwordformation:Affixation词缀法:通过加词缀改变词的意义Composition复合法：两个或两个以上独立的词构成一个复合词。Conversion转化法：某一个单词未经添加词缀就由一个词类转化成另一词类。Blending拼缀法：对两个单词进行裁剪，掐头去尾，然后把两个不完整的部分拼合成一个词。Back-formation逆生法：Shortening缩略法：把一些较长的多音节单词裁剪为较短的通常为单音节的词。Acronyms首字母缩略法：首字母缩略而成的词。Affixation词缀法Formationofawordbymeansofanaffix(词缀).Affixgenerallyincludesprefixes(前缀)andsuffixes(后缀).Aprefixisattachedbeforeabaseandasuffixafterabase.Thedifferencesbetweenaroot,astemandabase.(exercise3.)Ar