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ＰＡRＴⅠLISＴＥＮINGCＯMＰREＨＥＮＳION

ＳECTIONATＡLK

Lanｇｕaｇeisｕｓedfｏｒdoingtｈiｎｇs。Peｏpｌeuｓｅitineverｙdayconversａtｉｏnfｏrｔransactingbｕsiｎeｓs,pｌanninｇmｅａlsａｎdvａcatｉons，debatｉngpoliticｓ,anｄgoｓsiping.Teachersｕｓｅitfｏriｎsｔructingｓtuｄents，anｄcomedianｓuseｉtfｏramusｉngaudienｃeｓ.Allthesearｅiｎstancesoflanguagｅuse—ｔｈatiｓactivitiesiｎwhichpeｏpledｏthiｎｇｓwiｔhlａnｇuaｇe。Aswecanseｅ,ｌangｕａgeuseisｒeallｙaformoｆjointaction。

Wｈatｉｓjoiｎｔaction？Ithinｋiｔisａnacｔionｔｈａtiｓｃarriedｏｕtｂyagｒoupｏfpeｏpｌｅdoingｔhiｎgsincoordinationwitheａcｈother．Asｓimpleexamｐles,tｈinkｏftｗopeoplｅwaｌtｚinｇ,ｏrplaｙingapiａｎｏdｕｅｔ。Whｅntwodancerswaltz，ｔheｙeａchmｏｖearoundｔhｅballｒoominasｐeciａlｗay。Bｕｔwaｌtzingisdifferenｔｆromthesumoftｈeiｒiｎdiｖidualacｔｉonｓ。Canyouimagｉnetheｓｅtwoｄaｎｃersｄoinｇtｈesamesｔepｓ，butiｎseparaterooms，orａtsｅparatｅtiｍes?Sowaltzinｇｉs，infａct,tｈｅjｏinｔactionｔhaｔｅmerｇeｓasthetwodaｎcｅrsdotheｉriｎdiｖiduａlstepsincｏoｒｄｉｎaｔｉon，ａsacoｕpｌｅ.

Simｉlａrly，ｄｏingtｈingswitｈlaｎgｕageisalｓｏｄifｆereｎtfｒｏmtｈesumoｆｔheｓpeａｋerspeakiｎgandthelｉsteneｒlｉstenｉnｇ。Iｔiｓtheｊoinｔａctionthaｔemｅrgeswheｎspeａkersａｎdlistｅneｒs,orwritｅrsandｒeadｅrs,peｒfｏｒmthｅiｒｉndivｉdｕａlaｃtionｓｉncoorｄinａtｉon,asensembｌes。Tｈerｅfｏｒｅ,wecaｎsaythａtlanguageｕseiｎcorｐorａtｅsbｏtｈｉndiviｄｕａlanｄsｏｃialｐroｃesseｓ。Ｓpeａｋersanｄlisｔeners，wriｔersａndｒeａders，mustcarrｙoutａctioｎsａsindividｕals,ifｔheｙarｅtosuｃceediｎtheiruseofｌanｇuage。ButtｈｅymｕｓｔａlsｏwｏrktogetherasｐaｒｔicｉpａnｔｓintheｓｏciａlunitsＩhavｅｃalｌedensｅmbｌes.InｔheexampleImentioneｄｊｕstnow,thｅtwodancersperfoｒmboｔhindiｖｉduａlacｔioｎｓ，movingthｅirｂｏｄies,aｒms，andlegs,ａndｊointａctiｏｎs,cｏordiｎaｔｉnｇthesemovｅｍeｎｔs，asthｅｙcreatetｈewalｔz.Ｉnthepaｓt,langｕagｅusehａsｂeenstｕｄiedasifitwereeｎtｉrelyanindividualprocｅｓs。Andiｔhaｓalsobeenstｕdiedaｓifｉtwerｅeｎtireｌyasｏｃｉａlｐroｃ