世界银行-调查模式对数据质量的影响：来自尼日利亚的实验证据（英）-2026.2.pdfVIP

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rPolicyResearchWorkingPaper11302

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sTheEffectofSurveyModeonDataQuality

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bExperimentalEvidencefromNigeria

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YannickMarkhof

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ePhilipWollburg

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oAmparoPalacios-Lopez

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uPaulineCastaing

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uAkikoSagesaka

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cIvetteContreras

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DevelopmentEconomicsAverifiedreproducibilitypackageforthispaperis

DevelopmentDataGroupavailableat,

February2026clickherefordirectaccess.

PolicyResearchWorkingPaper11302

Abstract

Thispaperusesalarge-scaleexperimentinruralNigeriawithoutphones.Awithin-respondentdesignenablescap-

tostudytheroleofsurveymode—in-personversusoverturingthefull,respondent-leveldistributionofmodeeffects

thephone—insurveymeasurementanddataquality.andfindsthemtovarymuchmorethantheaveragesreveal.