流体力学第二章.pptVIP

清华大学工程力学系II.FLUID STATICS  流体静力学FLUID STATICS From a force analysis on a triangular fluid element at rest,the following three concepts are easily developed: For a continuous, hydrostatic, shear free fluid: Pressure is constant along a horizontal plane, Pressure at a point is independent of orientation, Pressure change in any direction is proportional to the fluid density,local g, and vertical change in depth. FLUID STATICS These concepts are key to the solution of problems in fluid statics and lead to thefollowing: Two points at the same depth in a static fluid have the same pressure. The orientation of a surface has no bearing on the pressure at a point in a static fluid. Vertical depth is a key dimension in determining pressure change in a static fluid. FLUID STATICS If we were to conduct a more general force analysis on a fluid in motion with constant density and viscosity, we would obtain the following: Thus the pressure change in fluid in general depends on: effects of fluid statics (r g), Ch. II inertial effects (r a), Ch. III viscous effects ( ), Ch. VI VII FLUID STATICS Note: For problems involving the effects of (1) fluid statics (2) inertial effects it is the net acceleration vector that controls both the magnitude and direction of the pressure gradient. FLUID STATICS This equation can be simplified for a fluid at rest (ie., no inertial or viscous effects) to yield: FLUID STATICS It is appropriate at this point to review the differences between absolute, gage, and vacuum pressure. These differences are illustrated in Fig. 2.3 and are based on the following definitions: absolute pressure - Pressure measured relative to absolute zero. gage pressure - Pressure Patm measured relative to Patm vacuum pressure - Pressure Patm measured relative to Patm Patm - local absolute pressure due to the local atmosphere only. standard Patm at sea level = 1atm = 101.3 kPa = 2116 lbf/ft2 FLUID STATICS Hydrostatic Pressure in Liquids For liquids and incompres