过程装备与控制工程专业英语.docVIP

Unit 13 Principles of Heat Transfer 传热原理 Practically all the operations that are carried out by the chemical engineer involve the production or absorption of energy in the form of heat. The laws governing the transfer of heat and the types of apparatus that have for their main object the control of heat flow are therefore of great importance. 实际的全部的已完成的操作都有化学工程参与生产或以热的形式吸收能量。因此，控制传热的定律和以控制热流为主要目的的仪器类型都是很重要的。 Nature of Heat Flow When two objects at different temperatures are brought into thermal contact, heat flows from the object at the higher temperature to that at the lower temperature. The net flow is always in the direction of the temperature decrease. The mechanisms by which the heat may flow are three:conduction，convection，and radiation. 1. 自然的热流动 当两个不同温度的物体进行接触时，热量会有温度高的物体流到温度地的物体。这种流动经常朝着温度下降的方向，热的流动有三种途径：传导，对流，和辐射。 Conduction If a temperature gradient exists in a continuous substance.Heat can flow unaccompanied by any observable motion of matter. Heat flow of this kind is called conduction. 传导 如果一个连续的实体中存在着温度变化，热量可能流动不伴随物质的任何运动。热量的这种流动叫做传导。 In metallic solids，thermal conduction results from the motion of unboundlectrons，and there is close correspondence between thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. 在金属体中，热传递的结果来自自由电子的运动，所以热传递和电的传导率很相似。 In solids which are poor conductors of electricity，and in most liquids，thermal conduction results from the transport of momentum of individual molecules along the temperature gradient. In gases conduction occurs by the random motion of molecules，so that heat is diffused from hotter regions to colder ones. The most common example of conduction is heat flow in opaque solids，as in the brick wall of a furnace or the metal wall of a tube.Convection When a current of macroscopic particle of fluid crosses a specific surface， ndary of a control volume，it carries with it a definite quantity of enthalpy. enthalpy is called a connective flow of heat or simply convection. Since convection is a stream of fluid