第018章强调、平行结构.docVIP

第十八章强调、平行结构 第一节 强调结构 当句子中的主语、宾语、状语需要强调时，就要使用强调句型。结构为：“It is (was)+被强调部分+that(which, who, whom)+句中其他部分”。动词be的时态可随that从句的时态变化而变化。 一、被强调的部分指人 当被强调的部分指人，要用who, that。当被强调的部分是宾语，又是指人时，要用whom或that，但是通常多用that.例如： It was a young scientist who(that) solved this problem five years ago. 正是一位年轻的科学家五年前解决了这个问题。 It is the man who discovered the law.正是那个人发现了这个定律。 但是，当宾语是them时，强调句要改用those.例如。 It was those that the professor regarded with such contempt.那几个就是被教授瞧不起的人。 二、被强调的部分指物 被强调的部分指物时，要用which或that，但是通常多用that。例如：It was the legislature that played the decisive role in declaring war. 正是立法机构在宣战时起决定性的作用。 It was the problem that a young scientist solved two years ago. 年轻的科学家两年前解决的正是这个问题。 三、被强调的部分为状语 被强调的部分为状语时，只能用that，不能用when或where。例如： It was because her mother was ill that she didn’t go with us. 正是因为她母亲病了，她才没有和我们一起去。 It was yesterday that I met him in the street.我在街上遇见他是昨天。 It is only when you nearly lose someone that you become fully conscious of how much you value him. 只有当你差一点失去一个人时，你才会充分意识到你是多么珍视他。 四、“not(until”结构中的强调形式 由until引出的短语或从句。所用的强调句型是“It is (was)not until((that((”例如： My father didn’t come home until 12 last night.我的父亲昨晚直到１２点钟才回家。 It was not until 12 last night that my father came home.昨晚直到１２点我的父亲才回家。 It was not until he told me that I knew it.直到他告诉我，我才知道。 第二节 平行结构 两个或两个以上的互相连接而属于同一层次并且有相同句法功能的结构称为平行结构。根据此原则，句子中由并列连词引起的两个或两个以上的并列成分间的结构、词性、数、时态等方面应保持一致。常用的这类连词有：both(( and((, neither(( nor((, either(( or, not only(( but also, rather than, nor, and, but, while, whereas, yet, as well as等。例如： We have done things we ought not to have done and left undone thing we ought to have done. 做了我们不该做的，该做的我们却没做。（两个谓语动词的并列） The advertisement claims that this new-brand car made in Shanghai is safe, comfortable, and easy to use. 那个广告声称，上海造的这个牌子的小汽车既安全舒适，又容易操作。（三个并列的形容词作表语） Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗衣服，打扫卫生和看孩子。（三个并列的动名词短语作表语） Teachers also need fresh air, physical exercise, and necessary sleep. 老师也需要新鲜的空气、适当的体育锻炼和必要的睡眠。（三个并列的名词短语作宾语） The instrument