同济《核医学》01核医学物理基础.ppt

Basic Physics of Nuclear Zhang Yongxue Basic concept Nuclide: Any configuration of protons and neutrons forming an atom is called a nuclide. Isotope:There are the same protons,but different mass number(or neutrons). Isomer: There are same protons,neutrons and electrons; however, they contain a different amount of nuclear energy. Stable radionuclide ★Stable nuclide will not decay.Approximately 280 of the nuclides are in a stable form. ★Radionuclides are unstable and spontaneously release energy or subatomic particles in an attempt to reach a more stable state. There are approximately 1500 radionuclides. Nuclide with proton less than 20，It may be stable with ratio of n:p=1. Nuclide of P20, ratio of n:p neccesary more than １will be stable. Stable radionuclide P83的核素，核力不能与质子间的斥力保持平衡，故全是不稳定的放射性核素。 P82的核素，天然的放射性核素很少，多由人工生产。 Nuclear decay Alpha(α)decay Alpha particles is a helium nuclei consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Characteristic of alpha particle α粒子实质上是He原子核， α衰变发生在原子序数大于82的重元素核素。 α粒子的速度约为光速的1/10，即２万km/s，2s绕地球１周。 在空气中的射程约为3-8cm，在水中或机体内为0.06-0.16mm。 因其射程短，一张纸即可阻挡 但α粒子的电离能力很强。 Beta decay Emit β particles and capture orbital electrons. To be a companion to increase or decrease of atomic number,but the mass number of the new nuclei is the same. Including β－,β＋ and electron capture. Velocity of βparticle is 200 thousand km/s in vacuum. Penetrability is more than alpha particle. β- decay Emit β－particles Neutron rich nuclei Neutron proton The mass number of new nuclei is the same as the parent nuclei,atomic number increase 1 β＋ decay Emission of β＋ particle Neutron poor nuclei A proton to neutron transformation Artificial radionuclide Electron capture,EC An orbital electron is captured to form a neutron. Neutron poor nuclei A proton to neutron Gamma decay and internal conversion Gamma decay may be a part of another decay process,such as ?,EC or ?- Metastable to stable state transition and emissi