病理学英文课件_Chapter_1_Tissue_and_cell_injury1.4Degenerations_.pptVIP

Section 2 Tissue and Cellular Damage 1. Degenerations Definition: When cellular injury is sublethal and sustained, cells and tissues tend to accumulate substances in abnormal quantities. These materials may be endogenous or exogenous. Location: Intracellular and/or Extracellular Nature: Normal substances: increase Exogenous materials: appearance (1) Intracellular edema (cloudy swelling) Definition: Accumulation of watery fluid in cells. Morphologic change: Gross features: cloudy swelling Light microscopic features( LM): Parenchymal cells swollen. Early stages: granularity degeneration——a fine granularity like ground-glass in the cytoplasm. Later stages: hydropic degeneration——clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm Progressive dilatation of the swollen cell E.M. features: watery fluid in the dilated mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Mechanism: Lack of oxygen Toxic Osmotic effect Damage to mitochondria or its enzymatic pathways. The diminished formation of ATP affects all the energy requiring reaction in the cell but in particular leads to failure of the sodium pump. Sodium ions enter the cell in exchange for potassium and as the former have a larger hydration shell, there is a net influx of water. (2) Fatty change: Definition: There is the accumulation of fat in non-fatty cells. Morphologic change: Gross features: The organ enlarges and becomes yellow, soft, and greasy. LM: An Fatty change appears as clear vacuoles within parenchymal cells. Liver: Since this organ plays a central role in fat metabolism, the accumulation of fat in toxic conditions can be very considerable, fatty distribution varies with the cause, e. g. : Poison, Toxins: alcohol, infections, organic solvents etc. fat is found nearest the afferent blood supply (portal venue and hepatic arteriole). Confirmation Fresh frozen section Special stain Sudan Ⅲ : orange red Osmic acid: black Heart: It occurs in two patterns, in one, prolonged moderate hyp