从田忌赛马谈起.pptVIP

Oct 1,2002 ?Gao Yang, Ai Lab NJU Agent Technology Negotiation Outline 1. Introduction 2. Vote 3. Bid 4. Bargain 5. Summary 从田忌赛马谈起 田忌赛马 齐王以“上马、中马、下马”出赛； 齐王的马优于田忌的马； 每一场胜者赢黄金100两，负者输黄金100两； 田忌以何种次序出马呢？ 囚徒困境 如果齐王的策略也是变化的？如果从零和扩展到非零和？ 囚徒困境问题 每个囚徒如果只考虑自身的利益，则会选择‘坦白’行为； 而囚徒困境的最优策略是双方都选择‘抗拒’行为。 囚徒困境问题的本质 在多Agent系统中，如果每个Agent都是自利的（使自身获利最大），那么每个Agent的最优策略的组合未必是多Agent系统的最优策略。 多Agent协商 在自利多Agent系统中，通过协商获得最优策略。 不同于分布式系统，设计者无须为每个agent指定策略。 三个术语 Coordination Is a property of a system of agents performing some activity in a shared environment. Cooperation (Collaborative) Is coordination among nonantagonistic agents. Negotiation Is coordination among competitive or simply self-interested agents. Distributed rational decision making 协商研究目标 Classical DAI System designer fixes an Interaction-Protocol which is uniform for all agents. The designer also fixes a strategy for each agent. MAS Interaction-Protocol is given up. Each agent determines its own strategy (maximizing its own good, via a utility function, without looking at the global task) 四条不同准则 We need to compare negotiation protocols. Each such protocol leads to a solution. So we determine how good these solutions are. 社会福利（Social Welfare）: 最大化所有Agent的效益 Sum of all utilities. It requires inter-agent utility comparisons. 帕利脱最优（Pareto Efficiency） 帕利脱最优（Pareto Efficiency）: 一个方案x是帕利脱最优，当且仅当不存在另一个方案 x’满足 A solution x is Pareto-optimal (also called efficient), if there is no solution x’ with Pareto efficiency measures global good, and it does not require questionable inter-agent utility comparisons. Social welfare maximizing solutions are a subset of Pareto efficient ones. (Why?) Answer: Once the sum of the payoffs is maximized, an agent’s payoff can increase only if another agent’s payoff decreases. 四条不同准则（续） 纳什均衡（ Nash-equilibrium ） Agent 的策略依赖于其他agent. 如果 S*A= S*1, S*2,……, S*| A | 为纳什均衡策略, 当且仅当对Agent i： S*i 对于 agent i 是最优策略当其他Agent选择以下策略时 S*1, S*2,…, S*i-1, S*i+1 …, S*| A | Two main problems in applying N