管理企业会计ch20.doc

CHAPTER 20 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT, JUST-IN-TIME, AND SIMPLIFIED COSTING METHODS 20-1 Cost of goods sold (in retail organizations) or direct materials costs (in organizations with a manufacturing function) as a percentage of sales frequently exceeds net income as a percentage of sales by many orders of magnitude. In the Kroger grocery store example cited in the text, cost of goods sold to sales is 73.7%, and net income to sales is 0.6%. Thus, a 10% reduction in the ratio of cost of goods sold to sales (73.7 to 66.3%) without any other changes can result in a 1233% increase in net income to sales (0.6% to 8.0%). 20-2 Five cost categories important in managing goods for sale in a retail organization are the following: 1. purchasing costs; 2. ordering costs; 3. carrying costs; 4. stockout costs; and 5. quality costs 20-3 Five assumptions made when using the simplest version of the EOQ model are: 1. The same quantity is ordered at each reorder point. 2. Demand, ordering costs, carrying costs, and the purchase-order lead time are certain. 3. Purchasing cost per unit is unaffected by the quantity ordered. 4. No stockouts occur. Costs of quality are considered only to the extent that these costs affect ordering costs or carrying costs. 20-4 Costs included in the carrying costs of inventory are incremental costs for such items as insurance, rent, obsolescence, spoilage, and breakage plus the opportunity cost of capital (or required return on investment). 20-5 Examples of opportunity costs relevant to the EOQ decision model but typically not recorded in accounting systems are the following: 1. the return forgone by investing capital in inventory; 2. lost contribution margin on existing sales when a stockout occurs; and lost contribution margin on potential future sales that will not be made to disgruntled customers. 20-6 The steps in computing the costs of a prediction error when using the EOQ decision model are: Step 1: Compute the monetary outcome from the best action th