《跨文化沟通培训讲义》.ppt

pragmalinguistic failure sociolinguistic failure Pragmalinguistic Failure Defined Pragmalinguistic failure occurs when the pragmatic force mapped by speaker onto a given utterance is systematically different from the force most frequently assigned to it by native speaker of the target language, or when speech act strategies are inappropriately transferred from the first language to the second language. Examples “岂有此理” as a compliment response “sorry, sorry” for “I am very sorry” Sociolinguistic Failure Define Sociolinguistic failure stems from cross-culturally different perceptions of what constitutes appropriate linguistic behavior. Examples 白象牌电池 芳芳牌唇膏 大宝SOD蜜 金鸡牌鞋油 龙牌卷闸 White Elephant Fang Fang Dabao SOD Golden Cock Dragon Analysis of Speech Act Address Greeting and leaving-taking Offer and thanks Invitation and response Apologies Compliment and response country Appropriate topics Topics to avoid Australia Professions, cars, skiing, music Money, religion, divorce Germany Travel abroad, international politics, hobbies World War Two, questions about personal life Great Britain History, architecture, gardening Politics, money/price France Music, books, sports, the theatre Price of items, person’s work, income, age Mexico Family, social concerns Politics, debt, inflation problems, border violations Japan History, culture, art World War Two Verbal Style American verbal style Japanese verbal style Chinese verbal style American Verbal Style Direct Honest Ping-pang or tennis game style Japanese Verbal Style Taking turns Waiting politely Bowling style Chinese Verbal Style Implicit communication（含蓄） Listening centeredness（听话） Politeness（客气） A focus on insiders（自己人） Face-directed communication strategies（面子） Chinese VS. North American Verbal Style What is not said vs. what is said The use of we vs. I Polite vs. impolite talk Indirect vs. direct talk Hesitant vs. assertive speech self-effacing vs. self-enhancing talk Private vs. public personal questions Reticent