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Water in Soil: Neutralization and Watershed Buffering pH of a buffer and buffer capacity pH of a buffer and buffer capacity (Continued) pH of a buffer and buffer capacity (Continued) The pH of a buffer depends on the pKa of the buffer acid, not its concentration. pH of a buffer and buffer capacity (Continued) Buffer capacity is how much acid or base the buffer can tolerate while maintaining the pH (within a 1.00 unit). Buffer capacity is determined by the concentration of the buffer acid and its conjugated base, as well as their concentration ratio. Water pH and Well-being of Fish Species Water acidification from acid deposition: pH decline lags behind acid deposition, why? Observation: In Big Moose Lake, pH dramatic decline lagged behind in the rise in SO2 emissions by some 70 years. Reason: The watershed’s natural buffering capacity delayed the onset of pH decline. Implication: Polluting activities may be far displaced in time from their environmental effects. Decline in soil solution pH over time in response to atmospheric acid inputs Watershed buffering: carbonate buffering Watershed buffering: cation exchange buffering Watershed buffering: Aluminum buffering Water acidification from acid mine drainage When pyrite-rich coal is mined, pyrite is exposed to air and water. Oxidation of pyrite produces sulfuric acid. 2FeS2 + 7/2 O2 + 2 H2O ? Fe2+ + 2 HSO42- Fe2+ + ? O2 + 1/2 H2O ? Fe3+ + OH- Fe3+ + 3 H2O ? Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ Overall reaction FeS2 + 15/2 O2 + 7/2 H2O ? Fe(OH)3 + 2 HSO42- Acid mine drainage Solution: Neutralize with limestone CaCO3 (s) + 2 H+ + SO42- ? Ca2+ + SO42- + H2O + CO2 (g) Study questions What chemical substances can serve as pH buffers? What determines the buffer capacity of a pH buffer? Why is there not an immediate decline in pH following atmospheric input of large quantities of acidic substances? Describe the three defense lines of watershed in resisting pH changes. * Example: For a buffer solution consisting of 0.1 M acetic acid and 0.
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