Introduction to VLSI CAD 超大型積體電路電腦輔助設計概論.pptVIP

Introduction to VLSI CAD超大型積體電路電腦輔助設計概論 Unit 6: RF Transceiver Overview Wired or Wireless Wired System ? Ethernet (IEEE 802.3, computer) ? CAN bus (Control Area Network, automobile) ? Cable TV Wireless System ? Voice communication ? AMPS, GSM, GPRS/EDGE, WCDMA ? Data communication ? WLAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, UWB Frequency Spectrum Some Fundamental Mathematics (1/6) (a) Linear System A system is linear if and only if the principle of superposition holds, that is, Some Fundamental Mathematics (2/6) (b) Non-linear System A system that does not satisfy the above-mentioned superposition relationship. Simply, use the following approximation: Some Fundamental Mathematics (3/6) (c) Harmonics Gain Compression Due to the non-linear feature For example, Some Fundamental Mathematics (4/6) (d) Frequency Translation Interaction between two different signals For example, Some Fundamental Mathematics (5/6) (e) Inter-modulation Due to the non-linear feature For example, Some Fundamental Mathematics (6/6) (f) Cascaded Non-linear Stages Non-linear stages in series For example, two nonlinear stages: RF Transceiver Architecture and Block Functions Gain / Power Gain The ratio of the output signal power (in linear) to the input signal power (in linear); Typically, expressed in dB. Gain (dB) = 10log10(Pout/Pin) = 20log10(Vout/Vin) Cascaded Gain Stages: Noise Undesired signals Random and Statistical Widely distributed in the spectrum ? for example, white noise “Spur” : a kind of noise with a specified frequency “Jitter” : noise in the digital (clock) circuit “Phase Noise” : noise in the (analog) oscillator Signal to Noise Ratio The ratio of the signal power (in linear scale) to the total noise power (in linear scale) Denoted as S/N Noise Factor A scale to measure the capability of a system to identify the desired signal from the noises. Noise Factor = (S/N)input / (S/N)output = F Noise Figure = 10log10(F) Friis Equation for Noise Factor Cascade