[现代测试分析]3多晶体X射线衍射分析方法.pptVIP

Debye-Scherrer Method a method for studying the structure of finely crystalline substances using X-ray diffraction (powdered-crystal method). It was named after P. Debye and the German physicist P. Scherrer, who proposed this method in 1916. A narrow parallel beam of monochromatic X rays, upon falling onto a polycrystalline sample and being reflected by the crystallites that make up the sample, produces a number of coaxial, that is, having one common axis, diffraction cones. The direction of the primary X ray serves as the axis of the cones. Their vertices lie within the object under study, and the apex angles are determined according to the Bragg-Vul’f condition n λ = 2d sin θ (where n is a positive integer, λ is the wavelength of the X rays, d is the distance between the parallel planes of the points of the space crystal lattice, and θ is the angle between the reflecting plane and the incident beam). The cone’s apex angle is equal to four times the value of the angle of reflection ?. The intensity and position of the diffraction cones is recorded on a photographic film or by one of the ionization methods (Figure 2). The interaction of the diffracted beams with the photographic film leaves a trace in the form of a series of diffraction lines, the shape of which depends on the geometry of X-ray photographing—namely, the mutual position of the sample, photographic film, and incident X-ray beam. The film in some cameras that are used for making roentgenograms of polycrystals is placed on the surface of a cylinder, the axis of which is at right angles to the incident X-ray beam, and the sample is placed on the cylinder’s axis. In other cameras the flat film is placed at right angles to the incident X-ray beam so that the beam, which passes through the sample without diffraction, falls onto the center of the film. This method records the full Debye ring, that is, the curve of intersection of the diffraction cone with the photographic film. Powder patterns of this type