自考0522英语国家概况基础班课程讲义全Chapter04.pdfVIP

Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age 打印本页 1455-1688 本章概要： 1.玫瑰战争（1455--1485） --- 名词解释：The Wars of Roses --- 战争的本质 --- 战争的结果 2.亨利八世和宗教改革 3.伊丽莎白一世的宗教和解定位 伊丽莎白一世时期的海外贸易 4.英国的文艺复兴 --- 名词解释：The English Renaissance --- 文艺复兴的特点 --- 代表人物 5.查理一世和议会之间的斗争 --- 名词解释：the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 --- the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 的结果 6.内战 --- 内战爆发的原因 --- 内战爆发的结果 7.光荣革命 --- 光荣革命爆发的原因 --- 光荣革命爆发的结果 I.Transition to the Modern Age（1455-1485） Two years after the ending of the Hundred Years War with France, Britain was thrown into another series of civil wars, generally known as the Wars of Roses.There were many contributing factors to the Wars of the Roses.During the last years of the Hundred Years War, many war-like English nobles went to fight in France.After the ending of the war, they returned back to England.These nobles had in their pay large bands of soldiers who also followed their masters back home.To make up their loss in the war, the greedy nobles started a new contest for wealth and power at home.Besides, there were no proper jobs for the mercenary soldiers because they were unfit for civilian employment.The natural result was their fighting each other and this was the basic cause of the War of the Roses. The Wars of Roses was fought between thetwobranchesofthePlantagenetfamily:theHouseofLancasterandtheHouseofYork.In 1455, the Duke of York tried to displace the Lancaster king Henry VI, and the Wars of Roses broke out.The great 19th century novelist Sir Walter Scott coined the name the Wars of Roses because the badge of the House of Lancaster was a red rose and that of York was a white one.The Wars of Roses lasted thirty years and ended in 1485 with the accession of Henry Tudor as Henry