论密尔少数派自由思想.pdfVIP

摘 要 摘 要 在密尔所生活的 19 世纪，欧洲社会的政治生活发生了巨大变动，是一个社会大变 革时期。工业革命后，新的社会构成呼唤新的民主制度来实现不只是多数人的也是少数 人的自由。另外，密尔自幼接受良好教育，优越的中产阶级生活环境使他能够与当时最 出类拔萃的人物进行密切的知识交流，对这些真理的吸收成为他智力进步的最大部分， 也是密尔少数派自由思想的理论渊源。密尔所谓的少数派指的是社会精英和妇女，他认 为社会精英的自由是极其珍贵的但也最容易受到伤害，没有社会地位的妇女是一个类似 少数派的性别，他用同样的理论根据不仅为社会精英的权利辩护也为妇女的自由辩护。 密尔认为多数派统治的民主是虚伪的民主，它侵犯了少数人的自由，是多数人对少数人 的暴政。少数派自由的真谛就是要摆脱多数人对少数人自由的窒息，充分发展不只是多 数人的而且也是少数人的个体性。密尔强调在已经取得民主政府的权利之后，代议制政 府实施的措施可以最有效的保障在政治和社会生活中真正实现公民自由，使每一个人的 自由都能得以体现。因此，密尔少数派自由思想并不否认洛克和边沁的自由理论，而是 对前人自由主义精神的进一步深化和发展。作为一个理论体系，密尔少数派自由思想良 莠不齐，有超越前人的成就，也有启迪后人的局限，在自由主义发展史上占有重要地位。 关键词 密尔 自由 少数派 多数派 I Abstract Abstract In the 19th century, the political life of European society had the huge change, was a big transformation time. After Industrial Revolution, the new social construction called for a new democratic system to achieve the freedom not only the majority but the minority. In addition, Mil accepted the good education since childhood, the superior living conditions of middle class enable him to make the close knowledge exchange with the most outstanding figures at that time, to absorb these truth is a major part of his intelligence progressive ,is also the origin of the Mills theory about freedom of the minority. The minority that the Mill so called were the social elites and the women, he considered that the elites freedom was extremely valuable but also the most vulnerable, that the women hadnt social status was similar sex to minority , he used the same rationales to defend the freedom not only for the social elites but also for women. Mill thought the principle of majority rule was false democracy, violated the freedom of the minority, was one kind of tyranny .The essence of freedo