外文翻译原文--国际化的差异产业研发.pdfVIP

Differences in the Internationalization of Industrial RD in the Triad Guido Reger Introduction Internationalization of research and development (RD) is a major topic within the business community, as well as for academic researchers and decision-makers in government since the 90s. These interests from various perspectives have stimulated a growing number of economic, policy- and management-oriented lit- erature (Boutellier et al. 2000; Gerybadze et al. 1997; Meyer-Krahmer 1999; Brockhoff 1998; OECD 1998; Commission of the European Communities (CEC) 1998). An overview of this literature is published as a special issue in Research Policy (Niosi 1999)1. Another bunch of studies analyzed the differences of the in- ternationalization strategies and the management of RD and technological knowledge especially between Japanese, US and western European companies (Bartlett and Yoshihara 1988; Cairncross 1994; Fujita and Ishii 1994; Hedlund and Nonaka 1993; Kenney and Florida 1994; Sakakibara and Westney 1992; Westney 1994). This research was driven by the growing investment of Japanese firms in the United States and in countries of the European Union in the 80s and the beginning of the 90s as well as the growing internationalization of RD of European multinationals since the 80s. The internationalization of RD and technology consists of complex processes and could be characterized by three main types of activities (Archibugi and Michie 1995): 1. International exploitation of technology produced on a national basis, which includes exports, granting of licenses and patents, and foreign manufacturing of innovations generated in the home country, carried out by profit-seeking or- ganizations and individuals. 2. International techno-scientific collaboration b