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The syntactic function 句法功能 shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. 句法功能是指一种语言形式和同一句型中的其他部分之间的关系。 Names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicators, modifiers, complements, etc. 功能的名称通常有主语，宾语，谓语，修饰语，补语等。 In some languages, subject refers to one of the nouns in the nominative case. 在一些语言中，主语是指主格形式之间的名词 The typical example can be found in Latin, where subject is always in nominative case,(总是以主格形式出现) such as pater and filius in the following examples. pater filium amat (the father loves the son) patrum filius amat (the son loves the father) the subject of a sentence is often said to be the agent ----- the doer of the action (动作的执行者即 施事者 ） the object is the person or thing acted upon by the agent. （执行者所作用的人或者物）-------the patient (受事者） The subject is not always an agent The patient is not always an object a Mary slapped John. b A dog bit John. c John was bitten by a dog. d John underwent major heart surgery. John is “acted upon” in all four of these sentences被作用的对象 But the word John appears as the object in ex. 4-16a,b and the subject in ex.4-16c,d in passive voice “grammatical subject” 语法主语 “logical subject” 逻辑主语 John was bitten by a dog. Since the core object noun 核心宾语名词 (John in this case) sits in the slot before the verb in the passive, it is called the grammatical subject A dog bit John./ John was bitten by a dog. For the original object noun phrase occupies the grammatical space before a verb, the space that a subject normally occupies,正常情况下动词之前的语法位置是由主语充当的，而在被动句中则由原来的宾语名词短语占据着，the core subject 中心主语( a dog), now the object of a preposition 现在的介词宾语( by a dog ), is called logical subject Another traditional definition of the subject is “what the sentence is about” (i.e., topic). Again, this seems to work for many sentences, such as Bill is a very crafty狡猾的 fellow. but fails in others, such as (Jack is pretty reliable, but) Bi